Autism, or Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by differences in sensory processing, communication, and behaviour. The term spectrum is used because autism is expressed in a wide variety of different signs and levels of severity, which can have an impact on various people in different ways. Some autistic people need support in daily living, while others can have highly independent ways of living and exceptional talents and strengths. Autism is also referred to as  Asperger’s Syndrome. Previously, Asperger’s Syndrome was considered a standalone disorder, but now there is consensus that it is a mild form of Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Signs and Symptoms of Autism

Early diagnosis of autism is vital for effective intervention. Some of autism’s earliest signs can include little eye contact, a lack of facial expression, a lag in speech, a lack of verbal communication, sensory input-related atypical reactions, repetition, and difficulty in understanding signals of a social kind or engaging in make-believe play.
Throughout an individual’s lifespan, autism signs can vary. Adolescents and adults may struggle with maintaining conversations, understanding irony and idioms, having a preference for routines, hyper-focus on interests, difficulty making and keeping relationships and depression/anxiety caused by social struggles. Each person experiences different signs, which is why autism is a highly individualized diagnosis.

Causes of Autism and Risk Factors

No definite reason for Autism has been identified, though there is evidence of environmental and hereditary factors.
Several studies have shown a significant role of hereditary influences and mutations in Autism. If an individual has a sibling diagnosed with Autism, there is a greater possibility of being diagnosed. Scientists have identified some mutations relating to ASD, though not every individual who possesses these mutations develops Autism.
While heredity has a significant role, there are also environmental factors that can enhance susceptibility. Examples include: older maternal age of conception, maternal exposure in utero to toxins or infection, and complications of delivery, such as being underweight during gestation or oxygen deprivation.
Several myths about Autism have been dispelled. Some of these myths, for example, have been shown by various scientific studies to be untrue. For instance, Autism is caused by vaccines, or bad parenting causes Autism. In addition, Autism is not necessarily accompanied by intellectual disabilities. Individuals’ intelligence levels can vary, ranging from exceptional in some areas to below average in others.

Diagnosis and Screening

Developmental screening is conducted during routine pediatric visits. It’s essential for parents and caregivers not to skip the visits since it’s where a professional can identify early symptoms. If there is a reason for concern, a paediatrician will subsequently make a detailed assessment. Unfortunately, Many receive a diagnosis in adulthood triggered by occupational or social interaction difficulty. Specialists provide a diagnosis based on behaviour checks and an individual or caregiver interview.

When is professional assessment needed?

If a child is uncommunicative, indifferent toward others, and repeating actions, the caregivers or parents must visit a medical specialist. With timely support, outcomes in the long term can be improved immensely.

Challenges Faced by Individuals with Autism

Many individuals with Autism struggle with social interactions, making it challenging to develop friendships or maintain employment. They may have difficulty understanding non-verbal cues or engaging in small talk.
Several autistic individuals have a greater or lower sensory sensitivity for stimuli, such as loud noises, sunlight, or touch, which can impact daily living and comfort levels.
Many autistic learners face learning difficulties in traditional learning environments due to differences in processing, attention, and executive functions. However, there are learning strategies for Autism which can improve learning and learning experience.

Strengths and Abilities of People with ASD

Despite adversity, there are outstanding talents in a variety of individuals who have Autism, for example, exceptional mathematical, music, art, and computer science abilities. Some have an excellent memory for factual information, dates, and details of detail. Some have brilliant logical reasoning and pattern recognition.
Autism, though challenging, should not stop an individual from living a full life. The secret is focusing on the individual’s strength and ability. Early diagnosis is key as it helps point one to the areas of interest and possible excellence in them. Some of the famous personalities that have been either diagnosed with Autism or thought to be having a form of Autism include:

• Elon Musk- One of the richest person in the world
• Daryl Hannah-Actor
• Susan Boyal-Singer
• Eminem-Rapper

Treatment alternatives and support

While there is no cure for Autism, various therapies and treatments help individuals lead fulfilling lives.

Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) Therapy

ABA, a widely recognized treatment, is directed toward improving communication, interpersonal, and daily living based on organized behavioral reinforcement Here at Care, we strive to offer the best in ABA therapy by providing a conducive environment where life skills can be nurtured. We also aim to create a supportive community where one can form meaningful connections that go beyond our centers.

Additional treatments and medications

Language and occupational therapy help develop language, fine motor skills, daily living, and skills. While there is, as of now, no drug for curing Autism, there are drugs like Leucovorin, being researched for their promise in helping cognitive and language functions in autistic individuals. Non-verbal individuals can enhance their communication skills by using communication aids such as picture communication systems, speech-generating devices, and apps.

Role of Family Support and Social Support

Community support, and that of the individual’s own relatives plays a critical role in enhancing the well-being of autistic individuals. Autistic individuals thrive in cultures of inclusion, accommodations, and acceptance.

Autism is a complex, heterogenic, and individualized condition. With appropriate diagnosis, effective treatments, and a strong support system, it is achievable to increase the quality of life for ASD individuals. With inclusion and understanding, we can enable autistic individuals to reach their full potential. With constant studies and awareness, treatments and autism acceptance in society will continue upward.